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There were parallel efforts elsewhere in the film industry. Some of these critics, such as Norimasa Kaeriyama, went on to put their ideas into practice by directing such films as The Glow of Life (1918), which was one of the first films to use actresses (in this case, Harumi Hanayagi). In what was later named the Pure Film Movement, writers in magazines such as Kinema Record called for a broader use of such cinematic techniques. Film criticism began with early film magazines such as Katsudō shashinkai (begun in 1909) and a full-length book written by Yasunosuke Gonda in 1914, but many early film critics often focused on chastising the work of studios like Nikkatsu and Tenkatsu for being too theatrical (using, for instance, elements from kabuki and shinpa such as onnagata) and for not utilizing what were considered more cinematic techniques to tell stories, instead relying on benshi. Kintaro Hayakawa, one of the biggest stars in Hollywood during the silent film era of the 1910s and 1920s.Īmong intellectuals, critiques of Japanese cinema grew in the 1910s and eventually developed into a movement that transformed Japanese film. The first female Japanese performer to appear in a film professionally was the dancer/actress Tokuko Nagai Takagi, who appeared in four shorts for the American-based Thanhouser Company between 19. The first Japanese film production studio was built in 1909 by the Yoshizawa Shōten company in Tokyo. Tokihiko Okada was a popular romantic lead of the same era. Onoe became Japan's first film star, appearing in over 1,000 films, mostly shorts, between 19. Shōzō recruited Matsunosuke Onoe, a former kabuki actor, to star in his productions. In 1908, Shōzō Makino, considered the pioneering director of Japanese film, began his influential career with Honnōji gassen (本能寺合戦), produced for Yokota Shōkai. With the advent of sound in the early 1930s, the benshi gradually declined. Benshi could be accompanied by music like silent films from cinema of the West. They were descendants of kabuki jōruri, kōdan storytellers, theater barkers and other forms of oral storytelling. Early films were influenced by traditional theater – for example, kabuki and bunraku.Īt the dawn of the 20th century theaters in Japan hired benshi, storytellers who sat next to the screen and narrated silent movies. Tsunekichi Shibata made a number of early films, including Momijigari, an 1899 record of two famous actors performing a scene from a well-known kabuki play. The first documentary, the short Geisha no teodori (芸者の手踊り), was made in June 1899. In 1898 some ghost films were made, the Shirō Asano shorts Bake Jizo (Jizo the Spook / 化け地蔵) and Shinin no sosei (Resurrection of a Corpse). The first successful Japanese film in late 1897 showed sights in Tokyo.
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Moving pictures, however, were not an entirely new experience for the Japanese because of their rich tradition of pre-cinematic devices such as gentō ( utsushi-e) or the magic lantern. Lumière cameramen were the first to shoot films in Japan.
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The Vitascope and the Lumière Brothers' Cinematograph were first presented in Japan in early 1897, by businessmen such as Inabata Katsutaro. The kinetoscope, first shown commercially by Thomas Edison in the United States in 1894, was first shown in Japan in November 1896. The annual Japan Academy Film Prize hosted by the Nippon Academy-shō Association is considered to be the Japanese equivalent of the Academy Awards. Japan's Big Four film studios are Toho, Toei, Shochiku and Kadokawa, which are the only members of the Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan (MPPAJ). Japan has won the Academy Award for the Best International Feature Film four times, more than any other Asian country. Tokyo Story also topped the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll of The Top 50 Greatest Films of All Time, dethroning Citizen Kane, while Akira Kurosawa's Seven Samurai (1954) was voted the greatest foreign-language film of all time in BBC's 2018 poll of 209 critics in 43 countries. Tokyo Story (1953) ranked number three in Sight & Sound critics' list of the 100 greatest films of all time. Films have been produced in Japan since 1897, when the first foreign cameramen arrived. In 2011 Japan produced 411 feature films that earned 54.9% of a box office total of US$2.338 billion. Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries in the world as of 2021, it was the fourth largest by number of feature films produced.
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The cinema of Japan ( 日本映画, Nihon eiga, also known domestically as 邦画 hōga, "domestic cinema") has a history that spans more than 100 years.